| Learning Outcomes |
When you have completed this module, you will be able to:
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Solid Modeling
A solid model is the best possible computerized representation of a real object. A solid model is one AutoCAD object. It is a much more complete model then a wireframe or a surfaced model. A solid model, unlike a hollow wireframe or surfaced model, is solid. A solid model can be rendered or shaded plus the mass properties can be obtained from it. Displaying the mass properties is taught in Module 25.
In a lot of ways, constructing a solid model is simpler than constructing a surfaced model. It is important to understand that when you construct solid models, you must still use all of the 3D construction techniques that were taught in the first 16 modules.
Solid Primitives
The most basic method of constructing solid models is to create a series of solid primitives and then add them together or subtract them from one another to complete the solid model. Using solid primitives is not the best method of solid modeling but at times they can be a very useful modeling tool. The six primitives are the box, wedge, cylinder, sphere, cone and torus. See Figure 17-1. In this module, you will be constructing solid boxes, wedges, and cylinders.
The next four modules teaches many different commands and techniques used to construct solid models. You can pick and choose how and when to use them to construct each model.
| AutoCAD Command: BOX |
| The BOX command is used to create a solid box primitive.
Shortcut: none |
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| AutoCAD Command: WEDGE |
| The WEDGE command is used to create a solid wedge primitive.
Shortcut: none |
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| AutoCAD Command: ISOLINES |
| The ISOLINES system variable is used set the number of contour lines that a curved surface solid model will be constructed with. The valid settings are from 0 to 2047. After you change the setting with this variable, the drawing must be regenerated to display the revised setting.
Shortcut: none Command: ISOLINES Enter new value for ISOLINES <8>: 32 Command: |
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| AutoCAD Command: UNION |
| The UNION command is used to join two or more solids together to form one solid object.
Shortcut: none |
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| AutoCAD Command: SUBTRACT |
| The SUBTRACT command is used to subtract one or more solids from another solid.
Shortcut: SU |
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| AutoCAD Command: CYLINDER |
| The CYLINDER command is used to create a solid cylinder primitive.
Shortcut: none |
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WORK ALONG: Creating Solid Models Using Boxes, Wedges and Cylinders
Step 1
Using the NEW command, start a new drawing using template: 3D Layout English.
Step 2
Save and name the drawing: AutoCAD 3D Workalong 17-1. (Figure Step 2A and 2B)
Step 3
Set the current view to SE Isometric, the current UCS to World and the current visual style to 2D Wireframe.
Step 4
Set the current layer to Solid 7.
Step 5
Enter the BOX command, as shown below, to draw the solid box. (Figure Step 5).
Command: BOX
Specify first corner or [Center]: 0,0,0 Specify other corner or [Cube/Length]: @6,4
(6 units in the positive X and 4 units in the positive Y.)
Specify height or [2Point] <3.1668>: 1
(1 unit in the positive Z.)
Command:
| AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: Ensure that you disable osnap mode when you are not using it. In 3D, an enabled osnap mode can cause a lot of problems. In the BOX command in Step 6, as soon as you snap to the first corner, disable osnap for the remainder of the command. |
Step 6
Enter the BOX command, as shown below, to add a box to the model. (Figure Step 6A and 6B).
Command: BOX
Specify first corner or [Center]: (end) P1
Specify other corner or [Cube/Length]: @1,4
Specify height or [2Point] <1.0000>: 3
Command:
Step 7
Using on of the orbit commands, orbit the model slightly. Enter the WEDGE command, as shown below, to create a solid wedge primitive as shown in the figure. Using the MOVE command, move the wedge to centre it. Move the wedge by snapping to the midpoint of the wedge to the midpoint on the box. (Figure Step 7A, 7B, and 7C)
Command: WEDGE
Specify first corner or [Center]: (mid)
(See Figure Step 7A)
Specify other corner or [Cube/Length]: @2,1
Specify height or [2Point] <3.0000>: 2
Command:
| AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: The wedge was drawn in the wrong location to save doing the math and then moved to its correct location. The less math you do, the fewer mistakes you will make. |
| AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: Unlike a wireframe, you cannot offset an edge of a solid model as a construction technique. What you have to do is draw construction lines on the model first. You can snap to the corners of the edges of the model so it is relatively simple to draw the construction lines. After you draw the construction lines, you can offset them. |
Step 8
Draw three construction lines on the edges of the box. (Figure Step 8)
| AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: Keep in mind that the OFFSET command is a 2D command so you must locate the current UCS in the correct orientation before you use it. In this case, World or Top will work. |
Step 9
Offset the construction lines to locate the centre of the holes. (Figure Step 9)
| AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: The ISOLINES system variable is used set the number of contour lines that a curved surface solid model will be constructed with. They appear in the wireframe visual style of the model. The higher the setting, the smoother the solid will appear when it is shaded or rendered. The down side is that the higher the number of isolines used, the more calculations are required when AutoCAD regenerates the model, which in turn slows you down. The valid settings are from 0 to 2047. After you change the setting with this variable, you must regenerate the drawing to display the revised setting on the model. |
Step 10
Enter the ISOLINES system variable, as shown below, setting it to 16. Command: ISOLINES
Enter new value for ISOLINES <4>: 16
Command:
Step 11
Enter the CYLINDER command, as shown below, to construct a cylinder for the left hole. After you do that, construct the cylinder on the right side. (Figure Step 11A and 11B)
Command: CYLINDER
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=16
Specify centre point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>: (int) P3
Specify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]: D
Specify diameter for base of cylinder: 0.75
Specify height of cylinder or [Center of other end]: –1
(Since the cylinder is constructed 1 unit in the -Z direction -1 is used here.)
Command:
Step 12
Turn layer Construction off and your model should appear as shown in the figure. (Figure Step 12)
Step 13
Enter the UNION command, as shown below, to create one solid from the two boxes and the wedge. (Figure Step 13)
Command: UNION
Select objects: 1 found
Select objects: 1 found, 2 total
Select objects: 1 found, 3 total
(Select one solid at a time by picking them.)
Select objects:
Command:
Step 14
Your model is now one solid and should appear as shown in the figure. (Figure Step 14)
| AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: When complete, a solid model must be one object. It cannot be a combination of solids. Use the UNION and/or the SUBTRACT commands to do this. |
Step 15
Enter the SUBTRACT command, as shown below, to subtract the two cylinders from the model to create the holes. (Figure Step 15A and 15B)
Command: SUBTRACT
Select solids and regions to subtract from ..
Select objects: 1 found
(Select the solid model. See Figure Step 15A)
Select objects:
(Press Enter to change to subtract mode.)
Select solids and regions to subtract .. Select objects: 1 found
Select objects: 1 found, 2 total
(Select each cylinder by picking them one at a time See Figure Step 15B.)
Step 16
Open the Properties window and select the solid model. Ensure it is one AutoCAD object only. (Figure Step 16)
| AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: When the solid is selected, it should all highlight and display dashed indicating it is one solid object. Another way to check if the solid is one object is to select the solid and delete it. It should totally disappear. Undo the command to undelete the solid. |
Step 17
Set the current visual style to Realistic. (Figure Step 17)
Step 18
Save and close the drawing.
| MUST KNOW: When two or more solid primitives are used to construct a solid model, the UNION and/or SUBTRACT commands must be used to create one solid object which is one AutoCAD object. When complete, a solid model must be only one object. |
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Key Principles
| Key Principles in Module 17 |
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Lab Exercise 17-1
Time allowed: 40 minutes.
| Drawing Name | Template | Units |
| AutoCAD 3D Lab 17-1 | 3D Layout English | Inches |
Step 1
On layer Solid 3, draw a solid model of the object. (Figure Step 1A, 1B, and 1C)
Step 2
Set the Isolines to 16.
Step 3
Use the UNION and SUBTRACT commands to create one solid object only.
Step 4
Set the current visual style to Realistic and check the model by orbiting it with the with the 3DFORBIT command.
Step 5
Check to ensure that the solid is one object only. See Step 16 in WORKALONG: Creating Solid Models Using Boxes, Wedges and Cylinders.
Step 6
Save and close the drawing.
Lab Exercise 17-2
Time allowed: 40 minutes.
| Drawing Name | Template | Units |
| AutoCAD 3D Lab 17-1 | 3D Layout Metric | Millimeters |
Step 1
On layer Solid 1, draw a solid model of the object. (Figure Step 1A, 1B, and 1C)
Step 2
Set the Isolines to 20.
Step 3
If necessary, use the UNION and SUBTRACT commands to create one solid object only.
Step 4
Set the current visual style to Realistic and check the model by orbiting it with the with the 3DFORBIT command.
Step 5
Check to ensure that the solid is one object only. See Step 16 in WORKALONG: Creating Solid Models Using Boxes, Wedges and Cylinders.
Step 6
Save and close the drawing.
